Let's learn English ( Phần 2)

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1. §éng tõ ( verb)

§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:

- Qu¸ khø.

- HiÖn t¹i.

- T¬ng lai.

Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia ra lµm nhiÒu thêi nhá

Ó x¸c

Þnh chÝnh x¸c thêi gian cña hµnh

éng.
1.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)

1.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ¬n gi¶n (simple present)

Khi chia

éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã s ë

u«i vµ vÇn

ã ph¶i

îc

äc lªn.

VÝ dô:

John walks to school everyday.

- Nã dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng x¶y ra ë thêi

iÓm hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c

Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian vµ hµnh

éng lÆp

i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt.

- Nã thêng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh: now, present day, nowadays. §Æc biÖt lµ1 sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt ho¹t

éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.

VÝ dô:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.
1.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)

am

Subject + is + [verb +ing ]...

are

- Nã dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng

ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian

îc x¸c

Þnh cô thÓ b»ng c¸c phã tõ nh now, right now, presently.

- Nã dïng

Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t¬ng lai gÇn.

VÝ dô:

He is learning in the US.

Lu ý: §Ó ph

n biÖt t¬ng lai gÇn vµ hµnh

éng

ang x¶y ra cÇn c¨n cø vµo phã tõ trong c

u)

VÝ dô:

The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖn t¹i

ang kiÓm tra)

George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t¬ng lai gÇn - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai)
1.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)

Have + P₂

- Dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng

· x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐo dµi vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian trong c

u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c

Þnh.

- ChØ 1 hµnh

éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi tíi hiÖn t¹i.

- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.

- Dïng víi already trong c

u kh¼ng

Þnh, already cã thÓ

øng sau have nhng nã còng cã thÓ

øng cuèi c

u.

have

Subject + + already + P₂

has

VÝ dô:

We have already written our reports.

I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dïng víi yet trong c

u phñ

Þnh vµ c

u nghi vÊn phñ

Þnh, yet thêng xuyªn

øng ë cuèi c

u, c«ng thøc sau:

have

Subject + not + P₂ ...+ yet ...

has

VÝ dô:

John hasn’t written his report yet.

The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.

We haven’t called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 sè trêng hîp yet cã thÓ

¶o lªn

øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay

æi. Not mÊt

i vµ ph

n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.

have

Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ...

has

VÝ dô:

John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do with the money yet.

Chó ý: CÈn thËn sö dông yet trong mÉu c

u kÎo nhÇm víi yet trong mÉu c

u cã yet lµm tõ nèi mang nghÜa “nhng”

VÝ dô:

I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
1.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.

- Dïng gièng hÖt nh present perfect nhng hµnh

éng kh«ng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn

ang tiÕp tôc x¶y ra. Nã thêng xuyªn

îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time.

VÝ dô:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years.

Mét sè thÝ dô

Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c

Þnh)

He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇn)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c

Þnh)

They have been at home all day.

We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c

Þnh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

HoÆc

John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vÉn cha kÕt thóc - John vÉn

ang lµm viÖc ë Washington).

Phn biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi

Present perfect	Present perfect progressive
· Hµnh éng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, do ã cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. VÝ dô: I have waited for you for half an hour (now I stop waiting)	· Hµnh éng vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn á hiÖn t¹i do vËy kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. VÝ dô: I have been waiting for you for half an hour. (and continue waiting hoping that you will come)

1.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)

1.2.1 Qu¸ khø ¬n gi¶n (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mét sè

éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã qu¸ khø

Æc biÖt vµ

ång thêi còng cã ph

n tõ 2

Æc biÖt.

- Mét sè c¸c

éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng:

VÝ dô:

Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ngêi Anh a dïng qu¸ khø thêng khi chia

éng tõ vµ ph

n tõ 2

Æc biÖt.

VÝ dô:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

Nã th¾p ngän nÕn trªn chiÕc b¸nh sinh nhËt

Nhng

I can see the lit house from a distance.

T«i cã thÓ nh×n thÊy tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh

iÖn.

· Nã dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng

· x¶y ra døt

iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i.

· Thêi gian hµnh

éng trong c

u lµ rÊt râ rµng, nã thêng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh:

Last night

month

week vv...

Lu ý: NÕu thêi gian trong c

u lµ kh«ng râ rµng th× ph¶i dïng present perfect.

VÝ dô:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
1.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- Nã

îc dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng

ang x¶y ra ë vµo 1 thêi

iÓm nhÊt

Þnh trong qu¸ khø kh«ng liªn hÖ g× tíi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi

iÓm trong c

u

îc x¸c

Þnh b»ng c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh:

At + thêi gian qu¸ khø.

VÝ dô:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- Nã

îc dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua 2 liªn tõ When vµ while

Ó chØ 1 hµnh

éng

ang x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø th× 1 hµnh

éng kh¸c

ét ngét xen vµo (t¬ng

¬ng víi c

u TiÕng ViÖt “ Khi ang ... th× bçng”).

*

Subject₁ + simple past + while + subject ₂ + past progressive.

VÝ dô:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject₁ + past progressive + when + subject ₂ + simple past.

VÝ dô:

He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

Lu ý: MÖnh

Ò cã when vµ while cã thÓ

øng bÊt kú n¬i nµo trong c

u nhng sau when nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 simple past vµ sau while nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 past progressive.

- Dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 2 hµnh

éng song song cïng 1 lóc, nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ while.

Subject₁ + past progressive + while + subject ₂ + past progressive.

VÝ dô:

He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.

( MÖnh Ò kh«ng cã while cã thÓ îc chuyÓn sang simple past nhng hiÕm khi v× sî nhÇm lÉn víi *)

VÝ dô:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.
1.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (past perfect).

Had + P₂

- Dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng x¶y ra tríc 1 hµnh

éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø. (trong c

u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh

éng: 1 tríc vµ 1 sau.

- Dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua 2 giíi tõ chØ thêi gian before vµ after.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past simple

VÝ dô:

I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.

Subject + past simple + after + subject + past perfect

VÝ dô:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.

- MÖnh

Ò cã before vµ after cã thÓ

øng

Çu hoÆc cuèi c

u nhng sau before nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 simple past vµ sau after nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 past perfect.

- Before vµ after cã thÓ

îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn v× trong c

u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh

éng: 1 tríc vµ 1 sau.

VÝ dô:

The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong c

u nµy when cã nghÜa lµ after v× sau when lµ past perfect.)
1.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been + [Verb + ing]...

Nã

îc dïng gièng hÖt nh past perfect nhng hµnh

éng kh«ng dõng l¹i mµ tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn cho

Õn thêi

iÓm simple past. Nã thêng

îc kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua phã tõ before. Trong c

u thêng cã since hoÆc for + thêi gian.

- Thêi nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng vµ

îc thay thÕ b»ng past perfect.

VÝ dô:

Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

1.3 T¬ng lai

1.3.1 T¬ng lai ¬n gi¶n (simple future)

Will / shall

+ [ Verb in simple form ]

Can / may.

- Ngµy nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn

¹i,

Æc biÖt lµ Mü dïng will cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i cßn shall chØ

îc dïng trong c¸c trêng hîp sau:

· Mêi mäc ngêi kh¸c 1 c¸ch lÞch sù.

VÝ dô:

Shall we go out for lunch?

Shall I take your coat?

· §Ò nghÞ gióp

ì ngêi kh¸c 1 c¸ch lÞch sù.

VÝ dô:

Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

· Dïng

Ó ng· gi¸ khi mua b¸n, mÆc c¶.

VÝ dô:

Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- Nã dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng sÏ x¶y ra ë vµo thêi

iÓm nhÊt

Þnh trong t¬ng lai. Thêi

iÓm nµy kh«ng

îc x¸c

Þnh râ rÖt. C¸c phã tõ thêng dïng lµ tomorrow, next + thêi gian, in the future.

Near future. (t¬ng lai gÇn)

To be going to do smth - s¾p lµm g×.

- Dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng sÏ x¶y ra trong 1 t¬ng lai gÇn, thêi gian sÏ

îc diÔn

¹t b»ng 1 sè phã tõ nh : in a moment (l¸t n÷a), tomorrow.

VÝ dô:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

- Ngµy nay,

Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi ngêi ta thêng dïng Present progressive

Ó thay thÕ.

- Dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 sù viÖc ch¾c ch¾n sÏ x¶y ra dï r»ng kh«ng ph¶i lµ t¬ng lai gÇn.

VÝ dô:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.
1.3.2 T¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn ( future progressive)

Will / shall

+ be + [ verb + ing ]

Can / may.

- Nã diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng sÏ

ang x¶y ra ë 1 thêi

iÓm nhÊt

Þnh cña t¬ng lai. Thêi

iÓm nµy

îc x¸c

Þnh cô thÓ b»ng ngµy, giê.

VÝ dô:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- Nã

îc dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 present progressive

Ó diÔn

¹t 2 hµnh

éng song song x¶y ra, 1 ë hiÖn t¹i, 1 ë t¬ng lai.

VÝ dô:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.
1.3.3 T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (future perfect)

Will have + P₂

- Nã

îc dïng

Ó diÔn

¹t 1 hµnh

éng sÏ ph¶i

îc hoµn tÊt ë 1 thêi

iÓm nµo

ã trong t¬ng lai. Thêi

iÓm nµy thêng

îc diÔn

¹t b»ng : by the end of, by tomorrow.

VÝ dô:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

Lu ý : Thêi nµy ph¶i cã lý do

Æc biÖt míi sö dông.

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Tiêu đề: Re: Let's learn English ( Phần 2) Fri Apr 30, 2010 10:49 pm

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