Let's learn English (Phần 1)

Khách viếng thăm

Grammar review

CÊu tróc cu tiÕng Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.^{Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ tn ng÷ bæ ng÷
1.}Chñ ng÷ (subject)

§øng Çu cu lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt Þnh viÖc chia éng tõ.
Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ 1 danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊn Ò sau:
1.1 Danh tõ Õm îc vµ kh«ng Õm îc.
- Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã thÓ ®îc dïng víi sè ®Õm do ®ã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc kh«ng dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu. Do ®ã, nã kh«ng dïng ®îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt vÝ dô:

^{person - people woman – women
mouse - mice foot – feet

tooth - teeth man - men.}
^{-Sau ®©y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc mµ ta cÇn biÕt.}

^Sand ^soap ^physics ^mathematics
^News ^mumps ^Air ^politics
^measles ^information ^Meat ^homework
^food ^economics ^advertising* ^money
^{* MÆc dï advertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng Õm îc, nhng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ Õm îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng Õm îc nh food, meat, money, sand, water, «i lóc îc dïng nh c¸c danh tõ Õm îc Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.

(chØ ra mét lo¹i thøc ¨n Æc biÖt nµo ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
B¶ng sau lµ c¸c Þnh ng÷ dïng îc víi danh tõ Õm îc vµ kh«ng Õm îc.}
^{Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc (with count noun)} ^{Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (with non-count noun)}
^{a (an), the, some, any
this, that, these, those, none,one,two,three,...
many
a lot of
plenty of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many of.
(a) few
few ... than
more ... than} ^{the, some, any
this, that
non
much (thêng dïng trong cu phñ Þnh hoÆc cu hái
a lot of
a large amount of
a great deal of
(a) little
less ... than
more ... than}
^{- Danh tõ time nÕu dïng víi nghÜa thêi gian lµ kh«ng Õm îc nhng nÕu dïng víi nghÜa sè lÇn hoÆc thêi ¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ Õm îc.

VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an an - îc dïng:

- tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt Õm îc b¾t Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾t Çu b»ng h cm.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.

h : an hour
- hoÆc tríc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t îc äc nh 1 nguyªn m.

VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : îc dïng:

- tríc 1 danh tõ b¾t Çu b»ng phô m (consonant).
- dïng tríc mét danh tõ b¾t Çu b»ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt Õm îc, tríc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt Æc iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc îc nh¾c Õn lÇn Çu trong cu.
- îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt Þnh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dïng tríc nh÷ng sè Õm nhÊt Þnh, Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.

- tríc half khi nã theo sau 1 ¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tríc half).

- dïng tríc half khi nã i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn.

- dïng tríc c¸c tû sè nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc é, tû lÖ.
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tríc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt Õm îc, dïng trong cu c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ îc Æt tríc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ngêi µn «ng îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ngêi l¹ èi víi ngêi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ngêi nãi biÕt «ng Smith.

2- The - §îc sö dông khi danh tõ îc x¸c Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, Æc iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc îc nh¾c Õn lÇn thø 2 trong cu.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.
- The + danh tõ + ¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh Ò phôVÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tríc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ýt tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ æi danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nhng èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ngêi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) øng tríc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ngêi nhÊt Þnh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ngêi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nhng îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ éng tõ sau nã ph¶i îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: the old = ngêi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ngêi tµn tËt; The unemployed = nh÷ng ngêi thÊt nghiÖp.
- Dïng tríc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng · næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

VÝ dô: the East/ West end. The North / South Pole.
Nhng kh«ng îc dïng the tríc c¸c tõ chØ ph¬ng híng nµy, nÕu nã i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc Þa lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c å hîp xíng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ×nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ×nh nhµ Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh Ò cã thÓ îc sö dông Ó phn biÖt ngêi nµy víi ngêi kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tríc 1 sè danh tõ nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university khi nã i víi éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn éng (chØ i tíi ã lµm môc Ých chÝnh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( Ó ngñ)

to church (Ó cÇu nguyÖn)
to court (Ó kiÖn tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh)
to prison (i tï)
to school / college/ university (Ó häc)
T¬ng tù
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Víi môc Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.

Sea
Go to sea (thñy thñ i biÓn)
to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ i trªn biÓn)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
Work and office.
Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tríc.
Go to work.
nhng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕuto be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ang gi÷ chøc.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc.
Town
The cã thÓ bá i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ngêi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ.
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc Ých chÝnh lµ i mua hµng. B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè trêng hîp Æc biÖt.}
Dïng the
Kh«ng dïng the
^{· Tríc c¸c ¹i d¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô:

The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. · Tríc tªn c¸c d·y nói.
VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains.

· Tríc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ giíi hoÆc vò trô.
VÝ dô:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall

· Tríc School/college/university + of + noun
VÝ dô:
The University of Florida.
The college of Arts and Sciences.

· Tríc c¸c sè thø tù + noun.
VÝ dô:
The first world war.
The third chapter.

· Tríc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi iÒu kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ã ph¶i îc tÝnh tõ ho¸.
VÝ dô:
The Korean war.

· Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ Great Britain.
VÝ dô:

The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic. · Tríc tªn c¸c níc îc coi lµ 1 quÇn ¶o.
VÝ dô: The Philipin.

· Tríc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang tÝnh lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta.

· Tríc tªn c¸c nhãm dn téc thiÓu sè.
VÝ dô:
The Indians, the Aztecs.

· Nªn dïng tríc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô.
VÝ dô:
To play the piano.

· Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ.
VÝ dô:
The applied Math.
The theoretical Physics.} ^{· Tríc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt).
VÝ dô:
Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

· Tríc tªn 1 ngän nói
VÝ dô:
Mount Mckinley

· Tríc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm sao
VÝ dô:
Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

· Tríc tªn c¸c trêng nµy khi tríc nã lµ 1 tªn riªng.
VÝ dô:
Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University.

· Tríc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè Õm.
VÝ dô:
World war one
chapter three.

· Kh«ng nªn dïng tríc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó nguyªn.
· Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã 1 tõ nh : Sweden, Venezuela vµ c¸c níc îc øng tríc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph¬ng híng.
VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.

· Tríc tªn c¸c lôc Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn.
VÝ dô: Europe, California.

· Tríc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo.
VÝ dô:
Base ball, basket ball.

· Tríc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu tîng trõ nh÷ng trêng hîp Æc biÖt.
VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.

· Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
VÝ dô:
Mathematics, Sociology.

· Tríc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt.
VÝ dô:
Christmas, thanksgiving.}
^{1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.}
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc
Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc
^{· another + dt2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 ngêi n÷a, 1 ngêi kh¸c.
VÝ dô: another pencil

· other + dt2 sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ngêi n÷a, mÊy ngêi kh¸c.
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more.

· the other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi cïng, nh÷ng ngêi cuèi cïng cßn l¹i.
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pencils} ^{· the other + dt ®2sè Ýt = ngêi cuèi cïng, c¸i cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
· other + dt kh«ng 2 = 1 chót n÷a.
VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
other beer = some more beer.

· the other + dt kh«ng ®2 = chç cßn sãt l¹i.
VÝ dô:
The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia cßn l¹i)}
^{- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c Þnh trong khi the other lµ x¸c Þnh. NÕu danh tõ hoÆc chñ ng÷ ë trªn · îc hiÓu hoÆc îc nh¾c Õn, chØ cÇn dïng another vµ other nh 1 ¹i tõ lµ ñ.
VÝ dô:
I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕu danh tõ îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns hoÆc others) mµ kh«ng bao giê îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
- Cã thÓ dïng ¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other.
Lu ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ¹i tõ one nhng these vµ those tuyÖt èi kh«ng dïng víi ones.
1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng Õm îc : rÊt Ýt, hÇu nh kh«ng. VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng Õm îc: cã 1 chót, ñ Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt Õm îc sè nhiÒu : cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt Õm îc sè nhiÒu : cã mét Ýt, ñ Ó.
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕu danh tõ ë trªn · îc nh¾c Õn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh 1 ¹i tõ lµ ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒu.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊt Ýt ( nhÊn m¹nh).
1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ®îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho bÊt ®éng vËt.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕu cã 2 danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s th× chØ cÇn ®Æt dÊu ‘ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
- Nhng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng cã s t¹i ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ®îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ®ang nh©n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ®ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu©n ®ang trë vÒ.
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ®i cña Nµng Thu.
Trêng hîp nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ dïng trong 1 sè trêng hîp thËt ®Æc biÖt khi danh tõ ®ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc ®Þa ®iÓm chØ cÇn dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh tõ ®ã mµ kh«ng cÇn danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
1.6 Some, any some vµ any nghÜa lµ "1 sè hoÆc 1 lîng nhÊt Þnh". Chóng îc sö dông víi (hoÆc thay thÕ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu hoÆc danh tõ kh«ng Õm îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒu cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ¹i tõ riªng/ ¹i tõ së h÷u.VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
+ some îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ng Þnh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c cu hái mµ cã cu tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngêi nãi chê îi cu tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c cu Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu:
VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any îc sö dông:
- Víi éng tõ ë thÓ phñ Þnh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy Òu mang nghÜa phñ Þnh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c cu hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝnh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.

I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.}